Sevdah, the Passionate Song Tradition of Bosnia

(headline image: Mostar Sevdah Reunion)

Sevdah, or Sevdalinka, is a traditional style of music originating from Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is characterized by its melancholic and introspective lyrics, which often deal with themes of love, loss, and longing. Sevdah music is considered to be one of the richest and most diverse cultural expressions of the Bosnian people. It has been influenced by a number of different musical styles and traditions, including Ottoman Turkish music, Balkan folk music, and classical European music.

Sevdah music emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was initially performed by professional musicians known as sevdalinka singers. These singers would typically perform in cafés and taverns, and their songs were regularly used to express personal emotions and experiences. Over time, sevdah music became more widespread and began to influence other musical styles in the region.

One of the most distinctive features of sevdah music was the use of the saz, a type of lute. This instrument provided the foundation for sevdah songs and gave the music its characteristic sound. However, the saz has been replaced by the guitar in recent times. Other instruments used in sevdah music include the accordion, the violin, and the double bass. The melodies in sevdah music are typically complex and syncopated, and the lyrics are often poetic and highly metaphorical.

In addition to its rich musical tradition, sevdah music is also significant for its cultural and historical significance. The songs frequently reflect the experiences of the Bosnian people and their struggle for independence and cultural identity. They provide a window into the history and culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina and are an important part of the country’s national heritage.

Despite its importance, sevdah music has faced numerous challenges in recent years, including the destruction of cultural landmarks during the Bosnian War and the difficulty in preserving the traditions and knowledge necessary to keep the music alive. However, a new generation of musicians and enthusiasts has emerged to keep the sevdah tradition alive, and the music continues to be performed and enjoyed by people both in Bosnia and Herzegovina and around the world.

The primary bearers of sevdalinka are individual performers, such as singers, instrumentalists, and composers. This includes both men and women alike, both professional and amateur. Indeed, they have diverse ethnic, social and religious backgrounds and consider sevdalinka a part of their cultural identity and artistic expression. at the same time, sevdalinka is also an important element of stage folklore. Many folklore ensembles and associations (KUDs) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, have a significant role in practicing sevdalinka. Notable, Bosnian and Herzegovinian diaspora throughout the world considers this element a part of their own identity.

There are many talented sevdah performers who have contributed to the preservation and popularity of this traditional music genre. Some leading sevdah performers include:

Amira Medunjanin: A renowned singer and performer, Amira Medunjanin is considered one of the leading ambassadors of sevdah music. She has received numerous awards for her contributions to the genre and has performed on stages around the world. More about Amira Medunjanin.

Šaban Bajramović: Also known as the “King of Sevdah,” Šaban Bajramović was a legendary singer and performer who helped popularize sevdah music throughout the Balkans and beyond. More about Šaban Bajramović.

Nihad Alibegović: A pop singer and performer with a distinctive voice, Nihad Alibegović also performs sevdah. He has recorded numerous albums and has been recognized for his contributions to the genre.

Mostar Sevdah Reunion: A Bosnian musical group that has gained widespread recognition and popularity for their performances of traditional sevdah music. Founded in 1997, the group is made up of some leading musicians and performers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Their music is characterized by its traditional style and use of acoustic instruments such as the guitar, accordion, violin, piano and double bass. More about Mostar Sevdah Reunion.

Halid Bešlić: A talented folk and pop singer and performer, Halid Bešlić is considered one of the most important sevdah musicians of the 20th century. He has recorded numerous albums and has been a major influence on subsequent generations of sevdah performers.

Divanhana: Based in Sarajevo, the band presents new interpretations of traditional Bosnian and Herzegovinian urban music, focusing on the emotional and soulful genre of sevdah. Founded in 2009 by students from the Sarajevo Music Academy, the group combines contemporary instruments such as brass, piano, bass, and drums with traditional accordion and vocals to bring a fresh jazz twist to Sephardic and Middle Eastern elements of sevdalinka. Lead singer Leila Catic’s clear vocals masterfully convey emotions ranging from heartache to playfulness. More about Divanhana.

Sevdalinka added to UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

Sevdalinka of Bosnia and Herzegovina was added addition to UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2024.

The UNESCO release stated that sevdalinka is a form of traditional urban singing that is practiced in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It originated as the result of a long process of acculturation that occurred when the traditional oral poetry of the South-Slavic population merged with the musical influences of the Ottoman Empire. Performed a cappella or with traditional instruments, its main function is to tell a story. It is practiced by professional and amateur performers and is a key part of stage folklore and a means of cultural expression.

The preservation of sevdalinka has been ensured through local and regional festivals, concerts, and competitions supported by communities and institutions. Notable festivals with long-standing traditions take place in cities such as Tuzla, Ilidža, and Vogošća. These events attract prominent interpreters, young performers, and orchestras, fostering collaboration with experts and institutions. Advisors and jury members contribute to the preparation of events and enhance understanding of sevdalinka and related cultural elements, such as traditional instruments and costumes.

Public authorities at federal, cantonal, and municipal levels provide financial support to safeguard sevdalinka. Many events are sustained by continuous public funding, ensuring the transmission of this tradition. Educational institutions also play a key role, with sevdalinka studied in high schools and higher education programs. Universities in Sarajevo and Mostar dedicate significant research to the genre, with the University of Sarajevo’s Academy of Music offering specialized training in musicology and ethnomusicology.

Research and documentation of sevdalinka are conducted by leading institutions, including the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Institute for Folklore Research, and the University of Sarajevo. These efforts maintain sevdalinka’s presence in academic discourse and cultural preservation.

Media programs, including radio and television broadcasts, are vital in promoting sevdalinka. They feature documentary content, celebrate popular performers, and highlight its extensive repertoire. Additionally, non-governmental organizations and young musicians have organized workshops that introduce innovative interpretations and ensure the tradition’s ongoing relevance.

Author: Angel Romero

Angel Romero y Ruiz has dedicated his life to musical exploration. His efforts included the creation of two online portals, worldmusiccentral.org and musicasdelmundo.com. In addition, Angel is the co-founder of the Transglobal World Music Chart, a panel of world music DJs and writers that celebrates global sounds. Furthermore, he delved into the record business, producing world music studio albums and compilations. His works have appeared on Alula Records, Ellipsis Arts, Indígena Records and Music of the World.